Methods of citation. Annex A (informative) to ISO 690

Relation between citation in text and reference

Statements in a text should be linked to the bibliographic details of the information resources which support those statements in one of the three ways described in A.2 to A.4.

Name and date system (Harvard system)

Citation in text

The creator's name and the year of publication of the resource cited are given in the text in a name and date system. If the creator's name occurs naturally in the text, the year follows in parentheses, but if not, both name and year are in parentheses. In citations to particular parts of an information resource, the location of that part (e.g. page number) may be given after the year within the parentheses.

If two or more information resources have the same creator and year, they are distinguished by lower-case letters (a, b, c, etc.), following the year within the parentheses.

EXAMPLE
The notion of an invisible college has been explored in the sciences (Crane 1972). Its absence among historians is noted by Stieg (1981b, p. 556). It may be, as Burchard (1965) points out, that they have no assistants, or are reluctant to delegate (Smith 1980; Chapman 1981).

References

The references to the information resources cited in the text are arranged in a list in the alphabetical order of the creators' surnames, with the year of publication and lower-case letter, if any, immediately following the creator's name.

EXAMPLE 1
BURCHARD, J.E., 1965. How humanists use a library. In: C.F.J. OVERHAGE and J.R. HARMAN, eds. Intrex: Report on a planning conference and information transfer experiments. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 3 Sept. 1965, pp. 41-87.

EXAMPLE 2
CHAPMAN, J., 1981. Report to the British Library Research and Development Department [microfiche]. Birmingham: University School of History. S1/9/281.

EXAMPLE 3
CRANE, D., 1972. Invisible Colleges. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

EXAMPLE 4
SMITH, C., 1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research, Sheffield: CRUS, pp. 27-30.

EXAMPLE 5
STIEG, M.F., 1981b. The information needs of historians. College and Research Libraries, 42(6), 549-560.

Numeric system

Citation in text

In the citation in text model, numerals in the text, in parentheses, brackets or superscript, refer to information resources in the order in which they are first cited. Subsequent citations of a particular information resource receive the same number as the first. If particular parts of an information resource are cited, page numbers, etc., may be given after the numerals.

EXAMPLE 1 The notion of an invisible college has been explored in the sciences26. Its absence among historians is noted by Stieg13 p. 556. It may be, as Burchard8 points out, that they have no assistants, or are reluctant to delegate^{27, 28}.

or

EXAMPLE 2 The notion of an invisible college has been explored in the sciences (26). Its absence among historians is noted by Stieg (13 p. 556). It may be, as Burchard (8) points out, that they have no assistants, or are reluctant to delegate (27, 28).

References

The references to the information resources should be arranged in their numerical order in a numbered list.

EXAMPLE

8. BURCHARD, J.E. How humanists use a library. In: C.F.J. OVERHAGE and J.R. HARMAN, eds. Intrex: Report on a planning conference and information transfer experiments. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 3 Sept. 1965, pp. 41-87.

...

13. STIEG, M.F. The information needs of historians. College and Research Libraries, 1981, 42(6), 549-560.

...

26. CRANE, D. Invisible Colleges. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

27. SMITH, C. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS, 1980, pp. 27-30.

28. CHAPMAN, J. Report to the British Library Research and Development Department [microfiche]. Birmingham: University School of History, 1981. S1/9/281.

Running notes

Citation in text

For running notes, numerals in the text, in parentheses, brackets or superscript, refer to notes, numbered in the order they occur in the text. The notes may contain references to cited information resources. Multiple citations of one information resource should be given separate note numbers.

EXAMPLE 1
The notion of an invisible college has been explored in the sciences³². Its absence among historians is noted by Stieg³³. It may be, as Burchard³⁴ points out, that they have no assistants, or are reluctant to delegate³⁵.

EXAMPLE 2
The notion of an invisible college has been explored in the sciences (32). Its absence among historians is noted by Stieg (33). It may be, as Burchard (34) points out, that they have no assistants, or are reluctant to delegate (35).

One note number should be used for each statement or group of statements supported by a citation; the corresponding note may include more than one source (see note 35 in Example 1 to Methods of citation > Running notes > References).

References

Notes should be presented in numerical order.

A note that refers to an information resource cited in an earlier note should either repeat the full reference or give the number of the earlier note, with any necessary page numbers, etc.

If names are abbreviated, the first note (note 1) should explain all such abbreviations or state where the explanations may be found.

EXAMPLE 1

1. The abbreviations used are:

CRUS = Centre for Research on User Studies

UGC = University Grants Committee

...

8. BURCHARD, J.E. How humanists use a library. In: C.F.J. OVERHAGE and J.R. HARMAN, eds. Intrex: Report on a planning conference and information transfer experiments. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 3 Sept. 1965, pp. 41-87.

...

15. STIEG, M.F. The information needs of historians. College and Research Libraries, 1981, 42(6), 549-560.

...

32. CRANE, D. Invisible colleges. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

33. STIEG, ref. 15, p. 556.

34. BURCHARD, ref. 8.

35. SMITH, C. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS, 1980, pp. 27-30.

36. CHAPMAN, J. Report to the British Library Research and Development Department [microfiche]. Birmingham: University School of History, 1981. S1/9/281.

EXAMPLE 2

1. The abbreviations used are listed on page 357.

...

8. BURCHARD, J.E. ...