Production. ISO 690

Place

General

The place of production should be given as it appears most prominently in the preferred source. If the place is known but not mentioned in the preferred source, it may be supplied in brackets.

For larger, well-known places, the place name alone may be given. For smaller places, a qualifier should be added (e.g. county, department, state, province, country) to the place name.

EXAMPLE 1
London.

EXAMPLE 2
London (Ontario).

Names of countries, counties, etc., may be coded in accordance with ISO 3166-1 and ISO 3166-2.

Multiple places

If two or more place names appear equally prominently in association with one publisher, distributor, producer, etc., only the first place name should be given.

Publisher or alternative

General

The organization or person shown most prominently in the preferred source (see Elements of a reference > Sources of data) as responsible for the production of the cited item should be given as publisher.

EXAMPLE
DIALOG INFORMATION SERVICES. Enhancements to the DIALOG Search System: DIALOG version 2 (user manual update). Palo Alto [California]: DIALOG, 1985 Nov. Technical Memo 5.

The organizations or people responsible are likely to be variously described in different kinds of items. The order of preference should be:

a) publisher or production company;

b) distributor or issuing body;

c) printer or manufacturer;

d) sponsoring body.

Publishers' names may be abbreviated by omitting details not essential for identification.

Multiple publishers

If the names of two or more organizations appear equally prominently in the same role, only the first should be given.

Sponsor, distributor, etc.

If appropriate, the name of a sponsoring body or distributor may be given as well as the publisher's.

EXAMPLE 1
Chichester: Phillimore, for the Society of Genealogists.

EXAMPLE 2
Paramount Pictures 1928. London: distributed in the UK by Universal International Pictures (UK).

EXAMPLE 3
Distributed by Arista Records Inc., 1776 Broadway, New York, NY 10019. Originally released on Savoy MG 9003, 1947.

Date

General

The date of publication, manufacture, distribution, execution, transmission, etc., should be cited. Normally the year is sufficient, but for some kinds of items (e.g. online information resources, newspapers, patents, television images and remotely-sensed images), the month and day, and sometimes the time, may be necessary.

For audiovisual materials cited from a transmission rather than from the physical item, the date and time of transmission and the transmitting organization should be given, if no other unique identifier of the particular edition is available.

If the copyright date is cited (see Multiple dates), it should be preceded by the symbol “©” or “cop”. Alternatively, the English word “copyright” or its equivalent in other languages may be used.

Year

The year should usually be given as it appears in the preferred source, however, years written as words in the information resource should be given as numerals in the reference.

If the information resource bears a date from a calendar system other than the Christian Era (CE), the applicable system should be given with the date and its equivalent in the CE calendar system should be supplied in brackets.

EXAMPLE 1
Jewish calendar 5685 [1925].

If the year given on the information resource is known to be incorrect, the correct year should also be supplied in brackets.

EXAMPLE 2
1959 [i.e. 1995].

Month, day, time

If a more precise date is required, it may be shown:

a) in numerals, in the order year, month, day and, if necessary, hour, minute, second (see ISO 8601);

EXAMPLE 1
1984-02-10, 13:43:11.

b) with the month spelled out, either in full or abbreviated, and with day, month, year and time given in the order used in the preferred sources (see Elements of a reference > Sources of data);

EXAMPLE 2
10 Feb. 1984.

c) if appropriate, as shown in the preferred source, e.g. the name of a season or a university term.

No date

If the year of publication is not given but can be ascertained, it should be supplied. If an exact date is not known, an approximate date, followed by a question mark or preceded by “ca.”, should be supplied. If no such approximation is possible, that should be stated.

EXAMPLE 1
[ca. 1750].

EXAMPLE 2
[16th century].

EXAMPLE 3
[no date].

Multiple dates

In a reference to a reprint, facsimile or other copy, the date of publication of that edition or, for a copy, the date of the original, should be given, along with the date of reprinting or copying.

EXAMPLE
1796 copied 1810.

If the date on the preferred source, e.g. a copyright date, is different from that of the publication date, both may be given.

If the copyright date is cited (see 9.3.5), it should be preceded by the symbol “©” or “cop”. Alternatively, the English word “copyright” or its equivalent in other languages may be used.

Year

The year should usually be given as it appears in the preferred source, however, years written as words in the information resource should be given as numerals in the reference.

If the information resource bears a date from a calendar system other than the Christian Era (CE), the applicable system should be given with the date and its equivalent in the CE calendar system should be supplied in brackets.

EXAMPLE 1
Jewish calendar 5685 [1925].

If the year given on the information resource is known to be incorrect, the correct year should also be supplied in brackets.

EXAMPLE 2
1959 [i.e. 1995].

Month, day, time

If a more precise date is required, it may be shown:

a) in numerals, in the order year, month, day and, if necessary, hour, minute, second (see ISO 8601);

EXAMPLE 1
1984-02-10, 13:43:11.

b) with the month spelled out, either in full or abbreviated, and with day, month, year and time given in the order used in the preferred sources (see Elements of a reference > Sources of data);

EXAMPLE 2
10 Feb. 1984.

c) if appropriate, as shown in the preferred source, e.g. the name of a season or a university term.

No date

If the year of publication is not given but can be ascertained, it should be supplied. If an exact date is not known, an approximate date, followed by a question mark or preceded by “ca.”, should be supplied. If no such approximation is possible, that should be stated.

EXAMPLE 1
[ca. 1750].

EXAMPLE 2
[16th century].

EXAMPLE 3
[no date].

Multiple dates

In a reference to a reprint, facsimile or other copy, the date of publication of that edition or, for a copy, the date of the original, should be given, along with the date of reprinting or copying.

EXAMPLE
1796 copied 1810.

If the date on the preferred source, e.g. a copyright date, is different from that of the publication date, both may be given.