Selection
The persons (see Personal names) or organizations (see Elements of a reference > Organizations or groups) shown most prominently in the preferred source (see Elements of a reference > Sources of data) as responsible for the content of the cited item, in its published form, should be given as creator. The creator’s role varies from one type of information resource to another. If there is no obvious creator, one should be selected from the following roles, listed in order of preference:
a) author, composer, librettist, mapping agency, surveyor, cartographer, copyist, system designer of software, patentee, patent applicant, artist, photographer, draughtsman, graphic designer;
b) conductor, performer of music, drama, etc., director of films, inventor;
c) compiler, editor, reviser;
d) translator, engraver, photographer of another creator’s work, copyist, arranger, software programmer;
e) publisher, online information provider, production company;
f) distributor, online host.
For cited information resources containing a number of contributors, a role with which a single creator is associated should be preferred to any role with which several creators are associated (see also Title first).
EXAMPLE 1
AYMARD, Maurice, ed. Dutch capitalism and world capitalism. In: Studies in Modern Capitalism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 78-96.
EXAMPLE 2
BRITTEN, Benjamin. Eight folk song arrangements for high voice and harp. Osian ELLIS (Ed). London: Faber Music, 1980.
EXAMPLE 3
KING’S SINGERS. Christmas with the King’s Singers: six arrangements for mixed voices. London: Chappell Music, 1981.
Personal names
General
Names of creators should normally be given in the form in which they appear in the preferred source (but see Variant forms), transliterated if necessary (see Elements of a reference > Transliteration).
Forenames or other secondary elements should be given after the surname, if at the beginning of the reference.
EXAMPLE 1
BACH, C.P.E.
EXAMPLE 2
DÜRER, Albrecht.
EXAMPLE 3
FOWLER, H.W.
EXAMPLE 4
GORDON, Dexter.
EXAMPLE 5
RAMON Y CAJAL, Santiago.
Treatment of secondary elements should follow the practice of the nation to which the creator belongs as closely as possible.
EXAMPLE 6
FALLA, Manuel de. [Spanish].
EXAMPLE 7
LA FONTAINE, Jean de. [French].
EXAMPLE 8
DE LA MARE, Walter. [English].
EXAMPLE 9
KLEIST, Heinrich von. [German].
Variant forms
If a creator’s name appears in different forms in different information resources cited in one work (e.g. Tchaikovsky, Chaikovski), the form used in the cited information resource should be retained. Only one form of the name, in brackets if necessary, should appear as the first element.
Additions
Additions to names indicating rank, office or status (academic, professional, etc.) may be retained or supplied to distinguish creators with the same names.
EXAMPLE 1
CLARK, William, ARIBA.
EXAMPLE 2
CLARK, William, MD, MRCP.
EXAMPLE 3
BALFOUR, Robert [Col.].
EXAMPLE 4
BALFOUR, Robert [Rev.].
Organizations or groups
Form of name
If the creator is an organization or group of people, the form of name used in the reference should be that which appears for the name in the bibliographic database being used for making the reference, usually a reference to a name in a national authority file, transliterated if necessary (see Elements of a reference > Transliteration).
EXAMPLE 1
ACADEMIA SCIENTIARUM FENNICA.
EXAMPLE 2
ACADÉMIE FRANÇAISE.
EXAMPLE 3
AKADEMIYA NAUK SSSR.
EXAMPLE 4
INSTITUT GÉOGRAPHIQUE NATIONAL.
EXAMPLE 5
MAGYAR SZABVANYUGYI.
EXAMPLE 6
ROYAL SOCIETY.
If the name appears as a group of initials, the full form, if known, may be added in brackets, unless the body is usually identified by the initials only, e.g. UNESCO, NATO.
Ambiguous names
To distinguish between different bodies with the same name, the appropriate place name should be added.
EXAMPLE
TRINITY COLLEGE [Cambridge].
TRINITY COLLEGE [Dublin].
Subordinate body
If the name of an organization implies subordination to a parent body of which it is an organ or administrative division, or if its full significance depends upon the inclusion of the name of the parent body, the latter should be given first in the reference.
EXAMPLE 1
IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. Paints Division.
EXAMPLE 2
MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERAL RESOURCES. Air Survey Department.
A subordinate body should appear under its own name if it has specific functions of its own and the full significance of its name is independent of that of the parent body.
EXAMPLE 3
ACADÉMIE FRANÇAISE. [not INSTITUT DE FRANCE. Académie française].
EXAMPLE 4
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. [not UNITED NATIONS. World Health Organization].
Parent body
If the parent body is a state, a federation of states or a provincial, local or municipal authority, a name in general use should be given in preference to a full or correct official name. Foreign names may be given in the language of the information resource or in the language of the main target audience.
EXAMPLE 1
FRANCE. [for République française].
EXAMPLE 2
HULL. [for Kingston-upon-Hull].
EXAMPLE 3
WESTMINSTER. [for City of Westminster].
For patents (see Specific categories of information resource > Patents), the country of origin or originating office may be abbreviated according to the ISO 3166 country code or the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) ST3 code.
EXAMPLE 4
GB. [for United Kingdom].
Multiple creators
Two or three creators
If there are two or three creators of equal status, their names should be given in the reference. The name that is given first should be in a form that is suitable to the alphabetical arrangement of a list, i.e. usually in inverted order (family name recorded first). The name(s) of the second and subsequent creators may be recorded in direct order, if desired. A consistent system of recording such names shall be used throughout the list of references.
EXAMPLE 1
MURET, Pierre and Philippe SAGNAC.
EXAMPLE 2
Bundesanstalt für Bodenforschung and UNESCO.
EXAMPLE 3
QU H.Q., C. POLYCHRONAKOS, and TYPE I DIABETES GENETICS CONSORTIUM.
More than three creators
For works with four or more creators, all names should be given if possible. If any names are omitted, the name of the first creator shall be given followed by “and others” or “et al.”.
EXAMPLE FITTING, Hans and others.
Title first
For certain kinds of information resources (e.g. encyclopaedias) or if an item is the co-operative output of many individuals, none of whom has a dominant role as creator (e.g. films), the title should be used instead of a creator. For references to information resources with several creators, it may be appropriate to give the title or series title first (but see Selection). (See also Anonymous Works and Specific categories of information resource > Films, videos and broadcasts > Title)
EXAMPLE 1
Encyclopaedia Britannica.
EXAMPLE 2
The last command [silent film]. Directed by Josef VON STERNBERG.
EXAMPLE 3
60 years of cool. Blue Note Records OBSBN01, 1999.
Conferences
If no person or organization can be identified as the creator (see Selection) of the proceedings of a single conference, the name of the conference should be treated as the first element.
EXAMPLE
International Conference on Scientific information. Washington DC, 1958.
The numbered proceedings of a series of conferences should be treated as a serial.
Subsidiary creator
To facilitate identification of a particular information resource, or because of relevance to the purpose of the citation, the name of any editor, translator or other person who has collaborated in the production of that resource may be added after the title with an indication of the role, so placed in the reference that the relation between that role and the whole or part of the information resource is clear.
EXAMPLE 1
BAARD, H.P. Frans Hals. Translated from the Dutch by George STUYCK.
EXAMPLE 2
BACH, C.P.E. Sonate G-moll für Violine und obligates Cembalo. Herausgegeben von Anne Marlene GURGEL.
EXAMPLE 3
FOWLER, H.W. A dictionary of modern English usage. 2nd ed. Revised by Sir Ernest GOWERS.
EXAMPLE 4
Macbeth [film]. Directed by Orson WELLES.
Originators of multiple editions
If a new edition, abridgement or updated version of an information resource is produced by a new creator, the name of the first creator should be used if it appears as a creator in the preferred source.
EXAMPLE 1
PARKER, T.J., and W.A. HASWELL. A text book of zoology. 6th ed. Vol. 1 revised by Otto LOWENSTEIN; vol. 2 revised by C. FORSTER-COOPER. London: Macmillan, 1940.
EXAMPLE 2
GORDON, Dexter. Settin’ the pace. In: Long Tall Dexter, the Savoy Sessions [sound disc]. New York: Savoy, 1976, SIL 2211, side B, track 5. Distributed by Arista Records Inc., 1776 Broadway, New York, NY 10019. Originally released on Savoy, MG 9003, 1947.
Pseudonyms
If a work has been issued under an assumed name, normally this name only should be given in the reference.
EXAMPLE 1
CARROLL, Lewis.
EXAMPLE 2
MAUROIS, André.
If the creator’s real name is known, it may also be supplied preceded by “pseud. of”.
EXAMPLE 3
BLAKE, Nicholas [pseud. of Cecil Day LEWIS].
EXAMPLE 4
Æ [pseud. of RUSSELL, George William].
Anonymous Works
For anonymous works cited by the name and date system (see Methods of citation > Name and date system (Harvard system)), “Anon” may be used instead of a creator’s name. For anonymous works cited by the numeric system (see Methods of citation > Numeric system) or running notes (see Methods of citation > Running notes), the title may be treated as the first element. If the creator’s name is known, it may be supplied.
